When it comes to the legendary Nissan Skyline, one of the first questions becomes: “What kind of drive does it have?” This car, which has gone from a modest 1950s sedan to an iconic sports car, is famous not only for its design, but also for its engineering solutions. The type of drive here is not just a technical detail, but part of the philosophy of the model. From the classic rear wheel drive (FR) first generations to complex systems all-wheel drive (AWD/4WD) in the GT-R - each option had its own advantages and determined the nature of the control.
Today we will look at the evolution of drives Skyline by generation, we will find out which models were equipped with one type or another, and give practical advice on choosing. We will pay special attention the unique ATTESA E-TS system in the GT-R R32-R34, which was revolutionary for its time. If you are planning a purchase or are simply interested in technology, this article will help you understand the nuances.
1. Classic generations (C10–R30): rear-wheel drive (FR) era
First Skyline (from 1957 to 1985) were built on a platform with rear-wheel drive (FR) - a classic scheme for that time. This choice was determined by the simplicity of the design, reliability and predictable behavior on the road. Power was sent to the rear axle, making the car more playful in corners, a quality appreciated by drifting enthusiasts.
Among the prominent representatives of this period:
- 🚗 Skyline 2000 GT-R (KPGC10, 1971–1972) - the first Godzilla with a 2.0-liter engine
S20and rear-wheel drive, laying the foundation for future GT-Rs. - 🏁 Skyline 2000 GT-ES (C110, 1972–1977) — a sports version with improved suspension, but still on FR.
- 🔧 Skyline Turbo (R30, 1981–1985) - the first generation with turbocharging, but without all-wheel drive.
Advantages of FR in these models:
- ✅ Lightweight design (no driveshaft on the front axle).
- ✅ Weight balance is closer to 50:50, which improves handling.
- ✅ Easy tuning and modifications for drifting.
⚠️ Attention: Cars with FR require special attention to the wear of the rear ball joints and silent blocks. When driving aggressively, their service life is reduced by 30–40%.
- KPGC10 (first GT-R)
- C110 (70s coupe)
- R30 (80's turbo)
- Other
2. Transition period (R31–R32): the appearance of all-wheel drive
In 1985 with the debut Skyline R31 The era of experiments with all-wheel drive began. This generation offered an optional system 4WD (not to be confused with modern AWD!), which engaged the front axle only when the rear wheels were slipping. This solution was a compromise between the handling of FR and the cross-country ability of 4WD.
The revolution occurred in 1989 with the release Skyline R32, where the system debuted ATTESA E-TS (Advanced Total Traction Engineering System for All-Terrain). It was already permanent all-wheel drive with electronically controlled torque distribution between axles. In basic versions (for example, GTS-t) FR was preserved, and in GT-R - AWD only.
| Model | Drive type | Features | Years of production |
|---|---|---|---|
| Skyline R31 GTS-R | 4WD (plug-in) | Viscose coupling, manual operation | 1987–1988 |
| Skyline R32 GT-R | AWD (ATTESA E-TS) | Electronic torque distribution 0:100–50:50 | 1989–1994 |
| Skyline R32 GTS-t | FR | Turbo version with rear wheel drive | 1989–1993 |
ATTESA E-TS in R32 GT-R worked on the principle of preliminary slipping: the system analyzed data from sensors and redistributed up to 50% of the torque to the front axle in a split second. This allowed the GT-R to dominate racing series, including the famous JTCC.
How to distinguish R32 with FR from AWD?
On the rear axle, all-wheel drive models have a driveshaft that goes to the front axle. Also on AWD versions, the rear arches are wider (by 20 mm on each side).
3. The Golden Age of the GT-R (R33–R34): ATTESA Enhanced
Generations R33 (1993–1998) and R34 (1999–2002) became the apogee of Nissan engineering in the field of all-wheel drive. System ATTESA E-TS Pro these models received improved algorithms and faster response. Now the torque distribution could change from 0:100 to 50:50 in real time, and in R34 GT-R V-Spec II Nür added active rear differential Active LSD.
Key features of ATTESA in R33–R34:
- 🔄 Dynamic torque distribution depending on steering angle, speed and longitudinal acceleration.
- ⚡ System reaction time is less than 0.1 seconds (versus 0.3 for competitors).
- 🏎️ In racing mode (R34 GT-R) up to 70% of the torque could go to the front axle during sharp acceleration.
Interesting fact: in Skyline R34 GT-T (not GT-R!) saved rear wheel drive, but with optional viscose differential on the rear axle. This made the car more accessible, but less efficient in the wet compared to the GT-R.
⚠️ Attention: Owners of R33–R34 with AWD need to check the condition every 60,000 km front differential And handouts. Their wear can cause the car to “steer” when cornering.
☑️ Check the ATTESA system before purchasing R33/R34
4. Latest “classic” Skylines (V35–V36): return to FR
With release Skyline V35 in 2001, Nissan returned the model to its roots - rear wheel drive. This decision was due to a platform change to Nissan FM (Front Midship), where the engine is moved closer to the cabin for better weight distribution. All-wheel drive was only offered on engine versions VQ35DE (3.5 l) and was designated as AWD, but it was no longer ATTESA, but a system based on viscose coupling.
Comparison of drives in V35–V36:
| Model | Drive type | Engine | AWD Features |
|---|---|---|---|
| Skyline 250GT (V35) | FR | VQ25DD (2.5 l) |
— |
| Skyline 350GT (V35) | AWD | VQ35DE (3.5 l) |
Viscose coupling, distribution 100:0–50:50 |
| Skyline Coupe (V36) | FR | VQ37VHR (3.7 l) |
— |
The V35's AWD system was less advanced than ATTESA, reacting to wheel slip rather than preventing it. This made the car more "dumb" in corners compared to the GT-R. However, for everyday driving such a drive was more than sufficient, especially in snowy winter conditions.
When purchasing a V35/V36 with AWD, pay attention to the condition of the viscose clutch. Its service life is about 100,000 km, and replacement costs $1,500–2,000.
5. Modern Skylines (2019–present): Hybrids and e-4ORCE
Welcome back to the name Skyline in 2019 (based on Nissan Infiniti Q50) the model received again rear wheel drive in basic versions and optional AWD with the system Intelligent AWD. However, the real innovation was the hybrid version with technology e-4ORCE, which debuted in Nissan Ariya, but indirectly related to modern Skyline.
e-4ORCE is a system electric all-wheel drive, where each motor (front and rear) is controlled separately. Unlike mechanical AWD, there is no physical connection between the axles, which allows:
- ⚡ Instantly distribute the moment (reaction time - 1/10,000 seconds!).
- 🔄 Recover energy on any axis.
- 🚗 Smoothly brake the engines when turning (vector braking).
While e-4ORCE is not used in Skyline, but experts predict its appearance in the next generations, especially taking into account the trend towards electrification. Today at Skyline 400R (2023) classic AWD with mechanical axle linkage is available, but with adaptive settings for different driving modes.
6. Which drive should I choose: FR or AWD?
The choice between rear-wheel drive and all-wheel drive depends on your priorities. Here are the key criteria:
Choose FR if:
- 🏁 Pure handling and the “driver’s” character of the car are important to you.
- 💰 Budget is limited (FR parts are cheaper, especially for older models).
- 🔧 You are planning tuning for drifting or track days.
Give preference to AWD if:
- ❄️ Drive in regions with harsh winters or bad roads.
- 🏆 You need maximum acceleration dynamics (especially in the GT-R).
- 🛡️ Appreciate predictability of behavior at high speeds.
For everyday driving in the city FR (For example, Skyline V36) will be more than sufficient. But for sports driving or extreme conditions AWD (especially GT-R R32–R34) has no alternatives.
ATTESA E-TS in the GT-R R32–R34 is still considered one of the best all-wheel drive systems for sports cars, second only to modern vector-controlled supercars.
7. Common problems with Skyline drives and their solutions
Each type of drive has its own “diseases” that you should know about in advance.
FR problems:
- 🔧 Differential wear - especially in models with powerful engines (for example, RB26DETT). Solution: change the oil every 30,000 km, use synthetics
75W-90. - 🛠️ Play in the rear suspension - a common problem with R32–R34. Solution: replacing silent blocks and ball joints with a set from Nismo or Cusco.
AWD problems (ATTESA):
- 🔄 Viscose coupling overheating in R31–R32. Symptoms: jerking when accelerating. Solution: replacing the coupling or switching to mechanical locking differential.
- 💻 Malfunctions of electronic sensors ATTESA (especially in R34). Solution: diagnostics
Consultand replacement of faulty sensors.
Problems of modern AWD (V35–V36):
- 🛢️ Oil leaks from transfer case. Solution: replacing seals and switching to oil
GL-5. - 🔊 Front differential bearing noise. Solution: replacing the bearing assembly (original or Koyo).
⚠️ Attention: Never mix oil in differentials and transfer case! For example, ATTESA in R33 requires a special fluid Nissan Matic-D, not regular gear oil.
FAQ: Frequently asked questions about Nissan Skyline drives
Is it possible to convert the FR version of the Skyline into all-wheel drive?
Technically yes, but it is extremely expensive. For R32–R34 you will need:
- A complete set of parts from the AWD version (transfer case, driveshafts, front differential).
- Reprogramming the ECU to work with ATTESA.
- Body modification (widening rear arches).
The cost of such alterations may exceed 10 000$, so it is often more profitable to buy a ready-made AWD version.
What drive does the Nissan Skyline GT-R R35 have?
GT-R R35 (2007–present) equipped with system ATTESA E-TS Pro with GR6 transmission (6-speed robotic gearbox). Here the torque distribution can reach 50:50, but in most modes the front axle receives no more than 30%. The system is integrated with VDC (Vehicle Dynamic Control) and adaptive suspension.
How is ATTESA different from a regular 4WD?
Main differences:
| Parameter | ATTESA (Skyline GT-R) | Classic 4WD (eg R31) |
|---|---|---|
| Drive type | Constant full | Pluggable |
| Torque distribution | 0:100 – 50:50 (dynamic) | 100:0 – 50:50 (reactive) |
| Reaction time | 0.1 s | 0.5–1 s |
| Design complexity | High (electronics, sensors) | Low (mechanical clutch) |
Which drive is better for drifting: FR or AWD?
Definitely suitable for classic drifting FR. All-wheel drive (especially ATTESA) will “choke” slippage, interfering with control. However, some drifters adapt AWD versions by disabling the front axle or using special ECU firmware. For example, in R32 GT-R it is possible to physically lock the ATTESA clutch, turning it into a FR.
How much does ATTESA service cost on the Skyline GT-R?
Maintenance costs for the ATTESA system in R32–R34:
- Changing the oil in the transfer case and differentials: 200–400$ (every 60,000 km).
- Repair of viscose coupling (if worn): 800–1500$.
- Diagnostics of electronic components: 100–300$.
- Replacing the front differential: 2000–3500$ (including work).
Tip: Look for specialists who work with JDM-auto. Regular services often have no experience with ATTESA.